NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS ORCA 63

National Status and Trends Program

for Marine Environmental Quality

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Mussel Watch Worldwide Literature Survey - 1991

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November, 1991

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NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION

National Ocean Service
U.S. Department of Commerce

Coastal Monitoring and Bioeffects Assessment Division

Office of Ocean Resources Conservation and Assessment

National Ocean Service

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

U. S. Department of Commerce

Rockville, Maryland

Notice

This report has been reviewed by the National Ocean Service of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) and approved for publication. Such approval does not signify that the contents of
this report necessarily represent the official position of NOAA or of the Government of the United
States, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or
recommendation for their use.

NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS ORCA 63

Mussel Watch Worldwide Literature Survey - 1991

Adriana Y. Cantillo

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United States
Department of Commerce

Robert A. Mosbacher
Secretary

National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration

John A. Knauss
Under Secretary

National Ocean Service

John J. Carey

Assistant Administrator for
Ocean Services and Coastal
Zone Management (Actg.)

TABLE OF CX)MTENTS

USTOFTABLES i

ABSTRACT 1

I. INTTRODUCTION 1

II. DESCRIPTION OF LITERATURE SEARCH 1

III. NOAA MUSSEL WATCH BIBUOGRAPHIC DATABASE 3

IV. RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS 4

V REFERENCES 4

VL ACKNOWLEDGEMENTTS 9

APPENDIX I. Mussel Watch Worlwide Literature 1

APPENDIX II. Index to Mussel Watch Worlwide Literature 1 1

APPENDIX III. Other Relevant Citations 136

UST OF TABLES

1. Chemicals determined as part of the NOAA National Status and Trends Program 2

2. Databases searched 3

3. Bivalve species cited in the Mussel Watch Bibliographic Database 5

Mussel Watch Worldwide Literature Survey - 1991

Adriana Y. Cantillo

Coastal Monitoring and Bioeffects Assessment Division

Office of Ocean Resources Conservation and Assessment

National Ocean Service

ABSTRACT

The NOAA National Status and Trends Program includes the Mussel Watch Project
in which mussels or oysters and sediments are collected from more than 240
sites in U. S. coastal waters. The bivalves and sediments are analyzed for more
than 70 analytes including organic chemicals, selected major and minor
elements, and ancillary parameters. This bibliography is the result of the
compilation of a comprehensive collection of worldwide literature on the use of
marine mussels or oysters as sentinel organisms for the study of coastal
contamination. Information gathered will be used to compare results with those of
the NS&T Mussel Watch Project. Five electronic bibliographical databases were
searched and extensive manual searching was done to compile more than 1200
citations. An extensive index of species name, geographical location and analytes
is included.

I. INTRODUCTION

One of the principal components of the NOAA National Status and Trends (NS&T) Program
is the Mussel Watch Project in which mussels or oysters and sediments are collected
from more than 240 sites in U. S. coastal waters. The bivalves and sediments are
analyzed for a large suite of organic chemicals, selected major and minor elements, and
ancillary parameters. The more than 70 analytes are listed in Table 1. The Mussel
Watch Project is currently in its 6th year of operation. Descriptions of the program,
sampling sites, and analytical results have been published. Current information on the
NS&T Program can be obtained by writing the National Status and Trends Program.

The purpose of this bibliographic search is to compile a comprehensive collection of
worldwide literature on the use of marine mussels or oysters as sentinel organisms for
the study of coastal contamination. This compilation will be used to compare the results
of such studies to those of the NS&T Mussel Watch Project.

II. DESCRIPTION OF UTERATURE SEARCH

Five electronic bibliographical databases in the DIALOG^ system were searched in March
of 1991 (Table 2). They were: BIOSIS PREVIEWS, CA SEARCH, NTIS, OCEANIC
ABSTRACTS and AQUATIC SCIENCE ABSTRACTS. The complete description of these
databases, including the journals and other types of publications abstracted, as well as
time coverage, can be found in the DIALOG "blue sheets" and chapter descriptions. CA
SEARCH is the electronic equivalent of Chemical Abstracts , while AQUATIC SCIENCE
ABSTRACTS is that of Aquatic Science Abstracts , and BIOSIS PREVIEWS is that of

^ DIALOG is available worldwide. In the United States, contact Dialog Information
Services, Inc.. 800 334 2564. Outside the United States, contact Dialog International
Marketing, telex 334499, fax 415 858 7069.

Biological Abstracts . NTIS is prepared by the U. S. Dept. of Commerce ancJ has no
equivalent printed form. In addition, manual searching of Chemical Abstracts was done
covering volumes 1 (1907) through 115 (issue 10) (1991). Major investigators in
the field of marine mussel watch studies worldwide have been contacted for comments
and suggestions.

The search strategy was designed to select citations mentioning mussels or oysters and
any of the chemicals found in Table 1. The name and Chemical Abstracts Registry
numbers of all the chemicals were used in the search strategy. The search was limited to
citations in English. The major and trace element search was limited to citations
published after 1976 due to the large number of entries found. As the compilation
progressed, however, papers on other environmentally significant chemicals (such as
dioxins), papers and reports in languages other than English, and older citations, were

Table 1. Chemicals determined as part of the NOAA National Status and Trends Program

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Biphenyl

Naphthalene

1-Methylnaphthaiene

2-Methylnaphthalene

2,6-DimethyInaphthalene

Acenaphthene

Acenaphthylene

1 ,6,7-Trimethylnaphthalene

Fluorene

Phenanthrene

1 -Methylphenanthrene

Anthracene

Fluoranthene

Pyrene

Ben2(a)anthracene

Chrysene

Benzo[a]pyrene

Ben2o[e]pyrene

Perylene

Dibenz[a,hjanthracene

Benzo[b]fluoranthene

Benzo[k]fluoranthene

lndeno(1 ,2,3-cd]pyrene

Benzo(g,h,i]perylene

DDT and metabolites

2,4'-DDD
2,4'-DDE
2,4'-DDT

4,4'-DDD
4,4'-DDE
4,4*-DDT

Chlorinated pesticides other than
DDT

Aldrin

Dieldrin

cis-Chlordane trans-Nonachlor

Heptachlor

Lindane

Heptachior i

epoxide Mirex

Hexachlorobenzene

Polychlorinated biphenyls

PCB-8

PCB-18 PCB-28

PCB-44

PCB-52 PCB-66

PCB-101

PCB-105 PCB-118

PCB-128

PCB-138 PCB-153

PCB-179

PCB-180 PCB-187

PCB-195

PCB-206 PCB-209

Elements

Ag As

Cd Cr Cu

Hg Ni

Pb Sb Se

Sn Zn

Tributyltin

1 species

Tributyltin [bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide]
Dibutyltin (degradation product)
Monobutyltin (degradation product)

Table 2. Databases searched

Database

AQUATIC SCIENCE ABSTRACTS
BIOSIS PREVIEWS
CA SEARCH
NTIS

OCEANIC ABSTRACTS

Time coverage

1978-1991
1969-1991
1967-1991
1983-1991

1964-1991

Producer

Cambridge Scientific Abstracts

BIOSIS, Inc.

American Chemical Society

National Technical Information

Services

Cambridge Scientific Abstracts

added to the database. Extensive use was made of the Mussel Watch studies literature
compilation of Kidder (1977). Future updates of the search will include non-English
citations and searches of other electronic databases.

III. NOAA MUSSEL WATCH BIBUOGRAPHIC DATABASE

The results of the electronic search were edited for relevancy to the Mussel Watch
concept and entered into the Apple Macintosh version of PRO-CITE^, a bibliographic
software system. The database resides at the NOAA National Ocean Service/Office of Ocean
Resources Conservation and Assessment/Coastal Monitoring and Bioeffects Assessment
Division (CMBAD), and will be updated on an ongoing basis.

When available, scientific species name, geographical location of the study, and
chemicals have been added to the citation as index terms. In many instances, the bivalve
species is not available either in the abstract or the key words stored in the electronic
database. In such cases, only the generic terms "mussel" or "oyster" are found. The
citation information has been checked against a printed source whenever possible to
correct errors resulting from limitations of the electronic databases,^ and refine index
terms. Organometallic species are listed as families. All the tributyltin compounds, for
example, are indexed under organotins. If a paper covers a specific geographical area,
then the location name, state/province and country were used in the index. For example,
papers on Port Phillip Bay are indexed under the Bay name, Victoria and Australia.
Papers covering large geographical areas such as synthesis papers of French or U. S.
Mussel Watch Programs, are indexed using only the name of the country.

This compilation contains more than 1200 citations. Printed copies of the citations in
the database are being collected at the Coastal Monitoring and Bioeffects Assessment
Division office in Rockville, MD.

IV. RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS

2 PRO-CITE, Personal Bibliographic Software, Inc., PO Box 4250, Ann Arbor, Ml
48106.

3 BIOSIS, one of the electronic databases covering the field of biology, lists some older
citations in capital letters, omitting the use of italics or underlining for species names,
and adding or omitting words in the titles.

The "classic" Mussel Watch studies of the 1970's in the United States were performed
using the common blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, or the American oyster, Crassostrea
virginica. These species are not available worldwide or indeed U. S.-wide. Therefore,
other sentinnel organisms, including various species of mussels (i.e., Mytilus
galloprovincialis. Mytilus californianus, Modiolus modiolus, Perna viridis, and others),
and oysters (i.e., Crassostrea edulis, Crassostrea gigas, and others) have been used. In
cases where these mussels or oysters were not available, other molluscan species have
been sampled but papers based on such samples have not been included in this
bibliographic database. An exception is the case of the use of Area zebra (commonly
known as the turkey wing) in tropical waters since mussels and oysters are not found in
large populations in some of these areas. The species cited in the bibliographic database
are listed in Table 3.

Mussel Watch studies in freshwater bodies, such as those in the Great Lakes (North
America), Lake Balaton (Hungary), and other locations, have not been included in the
bibliographic database.

Complete citation information and citation number are listed in Appendix I in
alphabetical order of the first author. The citation number is listed to the left of the
entry. The subject indices are cross referenced to citation number in Appendix II.

Citations relevant to Mussel Watch studies but covering species other than mussels or
oysters, and chemicals other than those listed in Table 1 are listed in Appendix III and
are not included in the indices.

V. REFERENCES

Abbott, R. T. (1974) American Seashells . Van Nostrand, New York. 663 pp.

Abbott, R. T., and Dance, S. P. (1982) Compendium of Shells . E. P. Dutton, New York.
411 pp.

Bosch, D., and Bosch, E. (1982) Seashells of Oman . (K. Smythe, ed.) Longman Group
Ltd., London. 206 pp.

Cotton, B. C, and Godfrey, F. K. (1938) The Molluscs of South A ustralia: Part I: The
Pelecypoda . Government Printer, Australia. 314 pp.

Habe, T., and K. Ito (1970) Shells of the World in Colo ur: Vol. I: The Northern Pacific.
Hoikusha Publishing Co. Ltd., Osaka. 176 pp.

Keen, A. M. (1971) Sea Shells of Tropical West America: Marinft Moilusks from Baia
California to Peru . Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. 1064 pp.

Kidder, G. M. (1977) Pollutant levels in bivalves - a data bibliography. Report, EPA
contract R-80421501, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA.

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Kilburn. R.. and Rippey, E. (1982) Sfia Shells of Southern Africa . McMillan South
Africa Ltd., Johannesburg. 249 pp.

Kira, T. (1965) Shells of the Western Pacific in Color . Hoikusha Publishing Co. Ltd.,
Osaka. 224 pp.

Morris, P. A. (1966) A Field Guide to Pacific Coast Shells . Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston.
207 pp.

Nickl6s, M. (1950) Mollusques Testac6s Marins de la Cote Occid entale d'Afrique. Paris.
269 pp.

Olsson, A. A. (1961) Mollusks of the Tropica l Eastern Pacific: Particularly from the
Southern Half of the P anamic-Pacific Faunal Province (Panama to Peru): Panamic-
Pacific Pelecypoda . Paleontological Research Institute, Ithaca, NY. 574 pp.

Powell, A. W. B. (1979) New Zealand Mollusca: Marine. Land and Freshwater Shells.
Collins, Uckland. 500 pp.

Rios, E. C. (1985) Seashells of Brazil . Museum of Oceanography, University of Rio
Grande, Rio Grande. 328 pp.

Tebble, N. (1976) British Bivalve Seashells: A Handbook for Identification. Royal
Scottish Museum. 212 pp.

Turgeon, D. D., A. E. Bogan, E. V. Coan, W. K. Emerson, W. G. Lyons. W. L Pratt, C. F. E.
Roper, A. Scheltema, F. G. Thompson, and J. D. Williams (1988) Common and Scientific
Names of Aquatic Invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Mullusks. American
Fisheries Society Spec. Pub. 16, Bethesda, MD. 277 pp.

Wells. F. E.. and Bryce, C. W. (1986) Seashells of Western Australia . Western
Australian Museum, Perth. 207 pp.

VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author wishes to thank Ms. Emily Moser for the electronic searches and other
members of the staff of the NOAA Library in Rockville, MD, for their assistance in the
compilation of the database; Ms. Kay Hill and the staff of the University of Miami
Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science for their assistance; Drs. S.
Alvarez Borrego, D. Claisse, K. E. Connolly, G. Corbin, B. Flores BSez. G. P. Gabrielidis,
E. Gutierrez Galindo, C. Hatton, M. Hungspreugs, G. Lauenstein, L. Mee, T. O'Connor, J. E.
Portmann, F. M. Power, R. Robertson, A. Siung-Chang. S. Tanabe, V. Talbot. B. Tripp. D.
Turgeon. T. Wade. D. B. Yang. C. Zuolian. and others for their assistance, contributions,
and/or review; and Dr. D. Wolfe for his assistance in bivalve taxonomy and use of his
library.

APPENDIX i
Mussel Watch Worlwlde Literature

fChem. Abs. information included for older citations.)

10

1 Abbe, G. R. (1982) Growth, mortality, and copper-nickel accumulation
by oysters, Crassostrea virginica, at the Morgantown steam electric station
on the Potomac river, Maryland. J. Shellfish Res. . 2(-):3-13.

2 Abbe, G. R., and J. G. Sanders (1986) Condenser replacement in a
coastal power plant: copper uptake and incorporation in the American
oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Mar. Environ. Res. . 19(-):93-113.

3 Abbe, G. R., and J. G. Sanders (1990) Pathways of silver uptake and
accumulation by the American oyster (Crassotrea virginica) in Chesapeake
Bay. Est. Coastal Shelf Sci. . 31(2):1 13-23.

4 Abdel-Moati, A., and M. M. Atta (1991) Patella vulgata, Mytilus
minimus and Hyale prevosti as bioindicators for Pb and Se enrichment in
Alexandria coastal waters. Mar. Pollut. Bull. . 22(3):1 48-10.

5 Abdullah, M. I., and I. Steffenak (1988) The GEEP Workshop: trace
metal analyses. Mar. Ecol. . 46(1-3):27-30.

6 Abel, P. D. (1976) Effect of some pollutants on the filtration rate of
Mvtilus. Mar. Pollut. Bull. . 7(1 2):288-91 .

7 Absanullah, M. (1976) Acute toxicity of cadmium and zinc to seven
invertebrate species from Western port, Victoria. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater
Res. . 27(-):187-96.

8 Adachi, K. (1980) Mass fragmentographic determination of
polymethylnaphthalene and polymethylphenanthrene in a crude oil and in
marine organisms. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. . 25(3):416-23.

9 Adema, D. M. M., S. I. De Swaaf-Mooy, and P. Bais (1972)
Laboratorium onderzoek over de invloed van koper op mosselen {Mytilus
edulis). T. N. Q.-nieuws. 27(-):482-86 (German).

10 Aftab, N. (1987) Seasonal variation in biochemical composition of
oysters, Crassostrea madrasensis, from Karachi coast. Karachi Univ. J. Sci. .
15(1-2): 71-7.

1 1 Ahmed, M. (1975) Speciation in living oysters. Adv. Mar. Biol. . 13(-):
357-97.

12 Aissi, A., and D. Siblot (1980) Etude du lac El-Mellah (Wilaya
d'Annaba): les m6taux lourds dans certains organismes. Ves Journess Etud.
Pollutions. -(-):151-4 (French).

11

13 Albright, L., T. G. Northcote, P. C. Olaffs, and S. Y. Szeto (1975)
Chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in fish, crabs, and shellfish of the Lower
Fraser River, its estuary, and selected locations in Georgia Strait, British
Columbia -1972-73. Pfist. Monit. J. . 9{-):134-40.

14 Al-Dabbas, M. A. M., F. H. Hubbard, and J. McManus (1984) The
shell of Mytilus as an indicator of zonal variations of water quality within an
estuary. Est. Coastal Shelf Sci. . 18(3):263-70.

15 Alexander, G. V., and D. R. Young (1976) Trace metals in southern
California mussels. Mar. Poilut. Bull. . 7(1):7-9.

1 6 Alexander, R., M. Cumbers, R. Kagi, M. Offer, and R. Taylor

(1982) Petroleum contamination of Cockburn Sound, Western Australia.
Toxicol. Environ. Chem.. 5(3-4):251-75.

17 Al-Sabti, K., and B. Kurelec (1985) Induction of chromosomal
aberrations in the Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Watch. Bull. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol.. 35(-):660-5.

18 Alzieu, C. (1986) Organotin detrimental effects on oyster culture in
France - evolution since antifouling paint regulation. In: Organotin
Symposium (at^ Oceans '86 . Washington, D.C., September 23-5, 1986.
IEEE Publishing Serv., New York, NY. 1130-4.

19 Alzieu, C, and M. Heral (1984) Ecotoxicological effects of organotin
compounds on oyster culture. In: International Svmp. on Ecotoxicological
Testing for the Marine Environment . Ecotoxicological Testing for the Marine
Environment. Vol. 2. Experience Papers: Tests with Specific Groups of
Organisms. Tests with Specific Chemicals, Tests Using Specific Technology,
Tests Studying Specific Effects, Case Study. Ghent, Belgium, September 12,
1983. Inst, for Marine Science Res., Brendene, Belgium. 187-96.

2 Alzieu, C, M. Heral, Y. Thibaud, M. Dardignac, and M. Feulllet

(1982) Influence des peintures antisalissures a base d'organostanniques sur
la calcification de la coquiile d I'huitre Crassostrea gigas. Rev. Trav. Inst.
Pech. Marit.. 45(-):101-16 (French).

21 Alzieu, C, J. Sanjuan, P. Michel, M. Bore!, and J. P. Dreno

(1989) Monitoring and assessment of butyltins in Atlantic coastal waters.
Mar. Poilut. Bull. . 20(1):22-26.

22 Alzieu, C, J. Sanjuan, J. P. Deltreil, and M. Borel (1986) Tin
contamination in Arcachon Bay: effects on oyster shell anomalies. Mar.
Poilut. Bull.. 17(11):494-8.

12

23 Amiard, J. C, C. Amiard-Triquet, B. Berthet, and C. Metayer

(1987) Comparative study of the patterns of bioaccumulation of essential
(Cu, Zn) and non-essential (Cd, Pb) trace metals in various estuarine and
coastal organisms. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. . 106(-):1 73-89.

24 Amiard, J. C, C. Amiard-Triquet, B. Berthet, and C. Metayer

(1986) Contribution to the ecotoxicological study of cadmium, lead, copper
and zinc in the mussel Mytilus edulis. I. Field study. Mar. Biol. .
90(3):425-31.

25 Amiard, J. C, C. Amiard-Triquet, and C. Metayer (1985)
Experimental study of bioaccumulation toxicity and regulation of some trace
metals in various estuarine and coastal organisms. In: Symposia Biolooica
Hungarica . Vol. 29, Heavy Metals in Water Organisms. Tihany, Hungary,
September 2 - 8, 1984. Akademiai, Budapest, Hungary. 313-24.

26 Amiard-Triquet, A., B. Berthet, and J. C. Amiard (1985)
Ecotoxicological studies of the bioaccumulation of essential and non essential
trace metals in various estuarine and coastal organisms. In: Heavy Metals in
the Environment (International Conf.) . Vol. I. Athens, Greece, September,
1985. CEP Consultants Ltd., Edinburgh, UK. 688-93.

2 7 Amiard-Triquet, C, B. Berthet, 0. Metayer, and J. C. Amiard

(1986) Contribution to the ecotoxicological study of cadmium, lead, copper
and zinc in the mussel Mytilus edulis. II. Experimental study. Mar. Biol. .
92(1): 7-13.

28 Amico, V., G. Impellizzeri, G. Oriente, M. Piattelli, S. Sciuto,
and 0. Tringali (1979) Levels of chlorinated hydrocarbons in marine
animals from the central Mediterranean. Mar. Pollut. Bull. . 10(10):
282-284.

29 Anderlini, V. C, L. Al-Harmi, B. W. De Lappe. R. W.
Risebrough, W. Wallter, B. R. T. Simoneit, and A. 8. Newton

(1981) Distribution of hydrocarbons in the oyster, Pinctada margaratifera,
along the coast of Kuwait. Mar. Pollut. Bull. . 12(2):57-62.

3 Andersen, A. T., and B. B. Neelakantan (1974) Mercury in some

marine organisms from the Oslofjord. Norwegian J. Zool. . 22(-):231-5.

31 Anderson R. 8. (1978) Benzo[a]pyrene metabolism in the American
oyster Crassostrea virginica. Ecol. Res. Ser. Monograph, EPA-600/3-78-
009, US Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, Rl, 18 pp.

3 2 Anderson, R. 8. (1978) Developing an invertebrate model for chemical
carcinogenesis: metabolic activation of carcinogens. Comp. Pathobiol. .
4(lnvertebr. Models Biomed. Res.):11-24.

13

33 Anderson, R. S. (1985) Metabolism of a model environmental carcinogen
by bivalve mollusks. Mar. Environ. Res. . 1 7(2-4) :1 37-40.

34 Anderson, R. S., and M. A. Angel (1986) Biotransformation of
benzo(a)pyrene by Mercenaria mercenaria and Crassostrea virginica. ASTM
Spec. Tech. Publ. 921 . 9(Aquat. Toxicol. Environ. Fate):241-51.

35 Andreae, M. O., J. T. Byrd, and P. N. Froelich (1983) Arsenic,
antimony, germanium, and tin in the Tejo estuary, Portugal: modelling a
polluted estuary. Environ. Sci. Techno!. . 17(-):731-7.

3 6 Antunes, S. A., and Y. Ito (1968) Chemical composition of oysters from
Sao Paulo and Parang, Brazil. Bolm. Inst. O ceannnr. S. Paulo. 17(-):71-88.

37 Ariese, F., C. Gooijer, and N. H. Velthorst (1990) Shpol'skii
spectrofluorimetric determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in
biota. Anal. Chim. A. . 232(-):245-51 .

3 8 Arimoto, R. (1981) The use of mussels for monitoring poiychlorinated
biphenyl concentrations and environmental stresses. Diss. Abs. Int. B..
42(4):1346-7.

3 9 Arimoto, R., and S. Y. Feng (1982) Analyses of uptake of PCB"s and

trace metals by Mytilus edulis deployed near a dredge spoil disposal site in
eastern Long Island Sound. J. Shellfish Res. . 2(1):88.

4 Arimoto, R., and S. Y. Feng (1983) Changes in the levels of PCBs in

Mytilus edulis associated with dredged-material disposal. In: Dredged-
material Disposal in the Ocean . Kester, D. R., Ketchum, B. H., Duedall, I. W.
(eds.), Wiley, New York. NY, 199-212.

41 Ashton, A. (1991) 'Oyster-watch' for monitoring coal ash lagoons in an
environmentally sensitive are of Hong Kong. Mar. Pollut. Bull.. 22(7):
334-9.

4 2 Ashworth, M. J., and R. H. Farthing (1981) Analysis of cadmium in
marine samples. Int. J. Envir on. Anal. Chem.. 10(1):35-8.

4 3 Asmund, G., P. Johansen, and B. W. Fallis (1991) Disposal of mine
wastes containing Pb and Zn near the ocean: an assessment of associated
environmental implications in the Arctic. Chem. Ecol. . 5(-):1-15.

4 4 Aubert, M. (1975) Le probl6me du mercure en M6diterran6e. Rev. Int.
Oc6anoQr. M^d. . 37-38(-):215-31 (French).

4 5 Auckland Regional Water Board (1988) Manukau Harbor Action Plan
Shellfish Quality Survey. Tech. Pub. 53, Auckland Regional Water Board,
Auckland, New Zealand.

14

46 Auckland Regional Water Board (1987) N. Z. Steel Limited
environmental monitoring Program. First Annual Rep. 1985 - 1986. Tech.
Pub. 44, Auckland Regional Water Board, Auckland, New Zealand, 19 pp.

4 7 Auckland Regional Water Board (1987) N. Z. Steel Limited

Environmental Monitoring Program, Programme Review and Second Annual
Report 1986 - 87. Tech. Pub. 46, Auckland Regional Water Board,
Auckland, New Zealand.

48 Auckland Regional Water Board (1988) N. Z. Steel Limited
Environmental Monitoring Program, Third Annual Report 1988. Tech. Pub.
52, Auckland Regional Water Board, Auckland, New Zealand.

49 Auckland Regional Water Board (1990) N. Z. Steel Limited
environmental monitoring Program. Fourth Annual Rep. Tech. Pub. 68,
Auckland Regional Water Board, Auckland, New Zealand, 45 pp.

5 Auckland Regional Water Board (1990) Shellfish Quality Survey.

Tech. Pub. 86, Auckland Regional Water Board, Auckland, New Zealand, 78
pp.

51 Auckland Regional Water Board (1990) Shellfish Monitoring Methods.

Tech. Pub. 96, Auckland Regional Water Board, Auckland, New Zealand, 37
PP-

5 2 Auckland Regional Water Board (1988) Tamaki Estuary water quality
survey. Tech. Pub. 54, Auckland Regional Water Board, Auckland, New
Zealand, 16 pp.

5 3 Auffret M. (1987) Histopathological changes related to chemical
contamination in mussels (Mytilus edulis) from field and experimental
conditions. ICES-CM-1987/E:39, International Council for the Exploration
of the Sea, Copenhaguen, Denmark, 12 pp.

5 4 Auffret, M. (1988) Histopathological changes related to chemical
contamination in Mytilus edulis from field and experimental conditions. Mar.
Ecol. . 46(1-3):101-7.

5 5 Ayling, G. M. (1974) Uptake of cadmium, zinc, copper, lead and
chromium in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, grown in the Tamar
river, Tasmania. Water Res. . 8(-):729-38.

5 6 Baby, K. V., and N. R. Menon (1987) Salt forms of metals & their

toxicity in the brown mussel Perna indica (Kuriakose and Nair). Ind. J.
Mar. Sci.. 16(2):107-109.

5 7 B^ez, B. P. P., and M. 8. Beet (1989) DDT in Mytilus edulis:
statistical considerations and inherent variability. Mar. Pollut. Bull. .
20(-):496-9.

15

5 8 Bagge, P. (1975) Pesticide residues in some Baltic animals - a review of
selected literature. Pure Apol. Chem. . 42(-):1 29-37.

5 9 Bailey, S. K., and I. M. Davies (1987) Tributyltin contamination in

the Firth of Forth, Scotland. UK. Proc. Roval Soc. Edinb urgh /Sec. B. Biol.
Sci.K 93(3-4):561-2.

60 Ballester, A., J. Miller, and M. Dunyach (1980) Some pollutants
present in marine sediments, animals, and plants in the coastal waters of
Catalonia, Spain. Thalassia JuqosI. . 16(2-4):275-88.

61 Baluja Marcos, G. (1975) Transference of environmental pesticides and
PCS into species of western Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts. Environ.
Qual. Saf. (SuddI) . 3(Pesticides):793-7.

62 Baluja, G., J. M. Franco, and M. A. Murado (1973) Contaminaci6n
del medio por plaguicidas organoclorados. VI. Residues de insecticidas y PCB
en especies marinas, significado ecolbgico con la contaminaci6n literal
nacional. Einv. Peso. . 37(-):593-620 (Spanish).

63 Barbagli, R., F. Baldi, and C. Leonzio (1985) Trace metal
assessment in sediment, molluscs and reed leaves in the Bay of Follonica
(Italy). Mar. Environ. Res. . 16(4):281-300.

64 Batley, G. E., C. Fuhua, C. E. Brockbank, and K. J. Flegg (1989)
Accumulation of tributyltin by the Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea
nnmmarnialia. Aiist. J. Mar. Freshwater Res.. 40(1):49-54.

65 Bayne, B. L. (1989) Measuring the biological effects of pollution: the
Mussel Watch approach. Water Sci. Technol. . 21(10-1 1):1 089-1 100.

6 6 Bayne. B. L. (1978) Mussel watching. Nature (London) . 275(-):87-88.

67 Beaumont, A. R., and M. D. Budd (1984) High mortality of the larvae
of the common mussel at low concentrations of tributyltin. Mar. Pollut.
fililL, 15(11):402-5.

6 8 Bender, M. E., W. J. Hargis, R. J. Huggett, and M. H. Roberts

(1988) Effects of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons on fishes and

shellfish: an overview of research in Virginia. Mar. Environ. Res..

24(-):237-41.

6 9 Bender, M. E., R. J. Huggett, and H. D. Slone (1972) Heavy metals

- an inventory of existing conditions. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. . 62(-):1 44-53.

7 Berkhizer E. (1974) Decrease of DDT and PCB in mussels. SCCWRP

Annual Rep., So. California Coast. Water Res. Project, El Segundo, CA,
101-3.

16

71 Bernhard, M., and A. Zattera (1975) Major pollutants in the marine
environment. Marine Pollution and M arine Waste Disposal. Proc. 2nd Intl.
Congress, San Remo, Italy, December 17 - 21, 1973. Pergamon Press, New
York, New York. 195-300.

72 Berrow, S. D. (1991) Heavy metals in sediments and shellfish from Cork
harbour, Ireland. Mar. Poliut. Bull. . 22(9):467-9.

73 Berthet, B. (1989) Characterization of physiochemical forms of soluble
silver binding in filter mollusks. Oceanis . 15(4):401-9.

7 4 Berthet, B. (1990) Influence de la voie de contamination sur les formes
physico-chimiques de I'argent chez Crassostrea gigas Thunberg (Effect of the
contamination vector on the physico-chemical forms of silver in Crassostrea
gigas Thunberg). Oceanis . 16(5):349-57.

75 Berthet, B., C. Amiard-Triquet, and R. Martoja (1990) Chemical
and histological effects of depuration in Crassostrea gigas Thunberg
previously exposed to silver. Water Air Soil Poliut. . 50(3-4):355-69
(French).

76 Berthou, F., G. Balouet, G. Bodennec, and M. Marchand (1987)
The occurrence of hydrocarbons and histopathological abnormalities in
oysters for seven years following the wreck of the Amoco Cadiz in Brittany
(France). Mar. Environ. Res.. 23(2) :1 03-33.

77 Bertine, K. K., and E. D. Goldberg (1972) Trace elements in clams,
mussels, and shrimp. Limnoi. Oceanogr. . 17(-):877-84.

78 Bertrand, G., and M. Macheboeuf (1925) Sur la presence du nickel et
du cobalt Chez les animaux. C. R. Acad. Sci.. Paris . 180(-):1 380-3
(French).

7 9 Bertrand, G., and R. Vladesco (1923) The zinc content of certain

invertebrate organisms. Bull. Soc. Chim. . 33(-):341-5 r Chem. Abs. .
17:2456, 1923).

8 Beug, M. W., J. Calambokidis, J. Mowrer, and S. G. Herman

(1979) Selective retention of polychlorinated biphenyl components in the
mussel, Mytilus edulis. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. . 8(3):299-308.

81 Bhosle, N. B., and S. G. P. Matondkar (1978) Variation in trace

metals in two populations of green mussel Mytilus viridis L. from Goa.
Mahasaqar . 1 1 (3-4):191-4.

8 2 Bjorseth, A., J. Knutzen, and J. Skei (1979) Determination of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments and mussels from
Saudafjord, west Norway, by glass capillary gas chromatography. Sci. Total
Environ. . 13(1):71-86.

17

8 3 Bland, S., D. R. Ackroyd, J. G. Marsh, and G. E. Millward (1982)

Heavy metal content of oysters from the Lynher Estuary, U.K. Sci. Total
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716 Murray A. J., and R. J. Law (1980) Results of a mussel watch
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1125 Young, D. R., T. C. Heesen, and D. J. McDermott (1976) An
offshore biomonitoring system for chlorinated hydrocarbons, f^ar. Pollut.
Bull. . 7(8):156-9.

1126 Zamuda C. D. (1984) The bioavailability of cooper to the American
oyster. Crassostrea virginic a. University of Maryland. College Park. MD.

1 127 Zaroogian, G. E. (1980) Crassostrea virginica as an indicator of cadmium
pollution. Mar. Biol. . 58(4):275-84.

1128 Zaroogian, G. E., and G. L. Hoffman (1982) Arsenic uptake and loss in
the American oyster Crassostrea virginica. Environ, f^onit. Assess. .
1(-):345-58.

1129 Zaroogian, G. E., G. Morrison, and J. F. Heltshe (1979)
Crassostrea virginica as an indicator of lead pollution! I^ar. Biol..
52(2):189-96.

1130 Zarrogian, G. E., and S. Cheer (1976) Accumulation of cadmium by the
American oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Nature (London) . 261(-):408-10.

108

1131 Zeisler, R., S. F. Stone, and R. W. Sanders (1988) Sequential
determination of biological and pollutant elements in marine bivalves. Anal.
Chem. . 60(24):2760-5.

1132 Zitko, V. (1975) Aromatic hydrocarbons in aquatic fauna. Bull. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol.. 14(-):621-31.

1133 Zitko, V. (1971) Polycfilorinated bipfienyls and organochlorine pesticides
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6{5):464-70.

1134 Zitko, v., and P. M. K. Choi (1971) PCB and other industrial
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272(-):55 pp.

1135 Zook, E. G., J. J. Powell, B. M. Hackley, J. A. Emerson, J. R.
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Pollut. Bull.. 20(6):281-6.

109

APPENDIX II
Index to Mussel Watch Worlwide Literature

Citation number and bibliographical information listed in Appendix

110

Aber Benoi

737

Aber Wrac'h
737

Abers

76

Acushnet Est.

290

Adour

170, 169

Adriatic Sea

253, 297, 298, 299, 296, 300,

301, 302, 303. 326, 540. 547,

612, 626, 657, 659. 658. 660,

688, 721, 722, 735. 823. 913.
964. 978. 1035

Aegean Sea

519, 1051

Ag

3, 15. 73. 74, 72, 75, 77, 97,
113, 114. 128, 184, 333, 332.
347, 377, 382, 394, 513, 525.
534, 555. 565, 595, 620, 652.
645. 655. 656, 654, 661, 683.
712, 731, 730, 753, 755, 758.
802. 841, 853, 897, 888, 884,
915, 934, 955. 997. 996, 987,
1032, 1033, 1034, 1088, 1087,
1106. 1117. 1122

Akamizu Inlet

474

Alabama

147. 404. 537

Alaska

938

Albany

997

Alexandria

4

Algiers

12, 486

Analysis

8, 37. 82, 129, 151, 248, 264.

308, 321, 408, 409, 411. 457,

462, 483, 507, 508, 543. 612.

579, 665. 675. 676. 687. 743,

734, 727, 728, 757, 795, 773,

785. 836, 827, 866, 927, 924,
925, 1001, 1011. 1030, 1018,
1019, 1108, 1107, 1131

Anglesey

105. 357

Anse de Camaret

21

Arabian Sea

128

Aransas
305

Bay

Area zebra

125. 572. 958, 959, 1098

Arcachon Bay

21, 18, 22, 194, 439

Arctic Ocean

43, 630

Argentina

362

Aromatic hydrocarbons

16, 76, 87, 256, 322, 527, 693,
694, 736, 756, 910, 960, 1100

Arosa

279

As

35, 45, 41, 50, 71, 83. 90.

160,

163.

232, 374, 412, 437.

470,

491.

513, 538, 526, 540,

556,

557.

613, 571, 614. 595.

656,

622,

652, 712, 681, 711,

731,

730,

755, 758, 792, 797,

768.

841,

826, 853, 884, 867.

928,

927,

921, 917, 922, 981,

977,

1001

, 1034, 1040, 1060,

1073,

1061

, 1080, 1135, 1128

11 1

Atlantic Coast

769, 806, 951.

21, 61. 88, 123. 960,

1037

1134

Auckland

Baltimore

521. 1104

1103

Aulacomya ater

Banweol

362

578

Aulacomya maoriana

Barnes Bay

515. 742

270

Auray Est.

Bay of Bourgneuf

21

24, 27, 194

Australia

Bay of Charleur

7. 16. 55. 64. 126.

127.

175.

468

176. 179. 186. 270.

271.

285.

413. 464. 465. 508.

525.

624.

Bay of Follonica

666. 727. 787. 789.

788.

803.

63

804. 857. 923. 939.

957.

996.

999. 986. 997. 998.

1000.

1002.

Bay of Fos

1004. 1003. 1005, 1022.

1020.

363

1024. 1025. 1091, 1079, 1084

Bay of Lim

Bagaman Isl.

451

517

Bay of Naples

Bages-Sigean

99

171

Bay of Ognlna

Bale Comeau

148

231

Beagle Gulf

Bale de Morlaix

788

76, 1111

Beaufort

Bale de Saint Brieuc

1109, 1110

686

Beirut

Bale des Chaleurs

941

914

Belfast Lough

Baja California

631

136, 345, 318, 396.

390,

397.

394. 395. 393. 399.

398,

654.

Belgium

984

233, 328, 680

Bakarac

Belledune Harbor

547

914

Baltic Sea

Beiievue

58. 87. 112. 264, 311

. 312,

, 378,

593, 595

379, 496, 513, 569. 712. 702.

112

Bellingham Bay

856

Belt Sea

378, 379

Beppu Bay

470

Bermuda

125. 572, 958. 1098

Bidassoa

169, 170

Biloxi

417

Black Rock Harbor
552

Black Sea

124, 693, 694, 696

Bombay

918

Bornholm

378

Boston

291

Bothnia

826

Brachydontes demissus plicatulus
319

Brachydontes variabilis
942

Branford

382

Bretagne
229

Brisbane Est.
939

Bristol Channel

739. 940

British Columbia
13, 121, 412, 981

Britomart Reef

525

Brittany

76, 737

Buzzards Bay

84, 141

Cadiz

276, 280, 281, 278, 283, 277,
284, 779

Calcasieu

853

California

15, 70, 119, 131, 165, 235, 234,
248, 257, 258. 262, 317, 377,
373, 380. 424. 425, 462, 482,
551, 605, 603, 581, 643, 654,
653, 647, 655, 652, 648, 649.
650, 667, 701, 758, 825, 819,
821, 878, 877, 955, 972, 973,
974, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123.
1117, 1118, 1119, 1124, 1125

California Bight

373, 1120

Calvert Cliffs

353

Brazil

36, 506, 798, 864

Bremerhaven

931

Brest

21

Canada

100, 121, 163, 191, 190, 189,

192, 193, 231, 340, 412, 442,

443, 468, 518, 593, 595, 664,

671, 673, 727, 792, 822, 914,

962, 981, 1042, 1081, 1134,
1132

1 13

Cape Cod

841, 816, 817, 837. 839.

853,

1045

857, 859, 869, 880, 896,

881,

884, 888, 893, 894, 895.

897,

Cardigan Bay

902, 914, 920, 916, 942,

934,

481

941, 944. 954. 957. 961.
997. 982. 979. 970. 994.

995,
996.

Caribbean Sea

971. 987. 988. 989. 998.

1002.

139

1004. 1003. 1010. 1016.
1017. 1023. 1043, 1018,

1028.
1027.

Cartegena Bay

1033. 1024. 1020. 1025.

1021.

139

1032, 1034. 1045. 1049.
1053. 1054. 1088. 1084,

1052.
1080.

Castell

on

1061, 1092, 1087, 1082,

1083.

780

1094, 1098. 1101. 1135.
1122. 1112, 1127, 1130

1117,

Catalonia

60

Chao Phraya Est.
458

Catania

148

479

Chapora Est
251

Cd

5. 7

. 23.

24, 45, 26.

27, 3£

». 41.

Chesapeal<e Bay

42.

50, 54. 55

56.

60, 72

, 71.

1, 2, 3. 68. 185. 240. 247

. 266,

95,

96. (

33, 85, 97

102,

103.

267. 337. 316. 310. 338.

351,

104

105

113

106

114.

116.

353. 402. 450, 800. 801.

802,

124

128

139

140

142,

144.

829. 830, 899. 915. 1115

145

148

164

167

155,

168,

169

156

179

163

157,

170,

Chester Est.

171

172

178

186

187,

188,

185

191

190

189

221

201,

212,

223

225

286

271

298,

273.

Chile

274

270

277

285

300,

301,

752. 751. 917

306

307

313

309

347,

310.

311

312

333

332

337.

338.

China

339

341

352

389

355,

356.

208

377

362

375

373

392.

365.

366

394

382

383

412,

413.

Chlorinated hydrocarbons

431

415

437

448

450,

461.

28. 236. 347. 388. 370,

380,

497

464

466

467

493,

485,

427, 459, 721, 726, 786,

819.

499

468

504

488

498,

490,

850, 858, 862. 913. 1093.

1120

491

489

505

513

534,

526,

537

538

523

525

530,

539.

Chlorinated pesticides

540

555

561

562

563.

607.

45. 13. 51. 50. 62. 71. 94. 98.

565

571

578

579

572,

595.

131, 123. 128. 133. 147.

172.

598

616

620

622

656.

652.

175, 180, 181, 224. 245.

275.

624

628

645

631

655.

659,

336. 308. 320. 319. 378.

375.

665

674

691

712

680,

692,

380, 397, 399, 398, 404,

405.

713

682

703

714

718,

731,

442, 443, 489, 564, 639,

634.

746

742

730

753

739,

740,

642. 655. 652, 682, 691,

701.

741

747

755

758

759,

760,

713. 714, 715, 716, 717,

718.

768

. 787

789

764

, 770,

784.

731, 727, 730, 751, 753,

755.

767

, 788

798

802

, 803,

804.

796, 837, 852, 884, 885,

886.

805

, 811

. 826

843

. 812,

838,

872. 882, 888, 901, 904,

905.

114

919, 920. 935, 948, 958, 987,
1009, 1011, 1031, ,1034, 1043,
1032, 1105, 1133

Choromytilus meridionalis

384, 760, 1048, 1087

Civitavecchia
232

Clyde Est.

689

Cocl(burn Sound

16, 1002

Colne Est.

1023

Colombia

139

Connecticut

40, 382, 552

Copenhaguen

378

Corio Bay

957, 1004

Cork Harbor

72

Cornwall

104, 105, 357. 774

Corpus Christi Bay
858

Cr

45, 15, 49, 46, 39, 4

55, 71, 72, 77, 113,

161, 201, 303, 307,

310, 333, 332, 347,

375. 373, 389. 394.

461. 467, 513, 552,

538, 539, 578, 579,

655, 652, 713, 680,

731, 730, 753, 755,

770, 797, 798, 826,

817, 837. 841. 853.

902. 914. 920, 934,

996, 1001, 1002, 10

1, 50, 52,
128, 140,
343, 309,
352, 377,
415. 437.
537, 555,
656,
714,
764,
816,
884,
964,
1034,

620,
712,
758,
843,
888,
997.
10.

1043, 1033, 1048, 1087. 1061.
1080, 1135, 1117. 1122, 1123

Crassostrea angulata

35, 152, 278, 280, 281, 283,
282, 277, 276, 284, 309, 571,
720, 779, 965, 1056. 1057,
1058. 1059. 1060

Crassostrea brasiliana

798

Crassostrea commercialis

71, 116, 176, 175, 459, 460,
461, 465, 622, 816. 857

Crassostrea corteziensis

770. 764. 772

Crassostrea cucullata

251. 918. 953, 1000

Crassostrea edulis

720

Crassostrea gasar

763

Crassostrea gigas

45, 13, 48, 18, 49,

46, 47, 50, 52. 55.
71, 103, 105, 130,
132, 136, 165, 168
220, 212, 217, 218
354, 368, 395, 406
412, 414, 437. 438
483, 484, 475, 477
491, 489, 521, 562
633. 634. 656, 661
691, 692. 683. 701
737. 758. 782. 783
842. 843. 856, 857
900, 908, 965, 986,
1023, 1018, 1024,
1021, 1022, 1087,

1088,
1115,

1078,
1112

1085,

20, 51, 41,
74, 73, 75,
121, 106,
, 153, 172,
, 219, 339,
, 407, 448,
, 439, 456,
, 469, 490,
, 570, 623,
, 675, 690.
, 718, 720,
, 815. 837.
. 862. 883,
975, 1014,
1020, 1025,
1076, 1077,
1096, 1105,

Crassostrea glomerata

740, 742, 807, 811

Crassostrea laperousei

489

115

Crassostrea lugubris

178.

167

183,

176

159

184.

459

155,

156

157,

163

189

194,

197

198

201,

221

220

202,

Crassostrea madrasensis

223

214

206,

216

226

233,

10. 545, 918

249

250

251,

252

278

280,

271

281

298,

282

283

273,

Crassostrea margaritacea

270

284

285,

300

301

303,

128, 1085, 1088

306

307

342

309

310

333,

332

337

338

347

348

350,

Crassostrea rhizophorae

352

389

357

356

377

382,

139. 705. 862

362

373

376

394

367

375,

383

406

412

413

432

421,

Crassostrea rivularis

422

415

423

446

420

437,

259

441

448

450

458

461

467,

474

475

499

486

478

471.

Crassostrea virginica

472

490

491

489

504

505.

1. 2, 3. 31, 32. 34,

33. 76, 71,

506

533

534

532

526

555.

68. 84. 91. 98. 130.

134, 135,

537

525

538

539

540

545,

137. 123. 107. 110.

132, 145.

559

561

563

565

583

584,

185. 196, 212. 243.

203. 224.

610

578

579

572

595

580,

204. 205. 246. 247.

249, 254,

582

597

607

620

621

622,

295. 263, 294. 267,

273, 274,

624

628

643

654

645

631,

268, 269, 305. 338.

322, 320,

646

632

655

656

652

659,

340, 310, 347. 337,

319, 349,

670

709

672

673

674

677,

350, 351, 353, 382,

400. 402.

691

692

680

682

713

714,

416, 450, 415, 417.

419, 536,

716

742

744

720

731

730,

537, 561, 564, 565,

574, 575,

753

738

755

758

759

760,

608, 582, 618, 620,

621, 641.

787

761

779

762

781

789,

640, 662, 669, 679,

719. 720.

770

764

767

788

798

800.

740, 730. 731, 744,

736. 753.

801

802

803

804

807

809.

754, 755, 758, 796,

793. 800,

811

826

820

816

833

817.

802, 840. 841, 843,

829, 830,

835

834

837

838

841

843.

825, 861, 889, 899,

901, 902,

847

848

853

891

857

859.

904, 907, 908. 936.

915, 916,

895

880

896

897

882

892.

924, 935, 947, 962,

967, 969,

888

884

893

894

899

903,

971, 1045, 1046, 1060, 1073,

907

908

909

914

920

916,

1074, 1069, 1070, 1066, 1068.

932

934

944

937

940

941,

1072, 1067, 1080, 1106, 1109,

942

955

957

956

961

964,

1110, 1126, 1127, 1129, 1128.

981

979,

1000

, 996.

970,

1001,

1130. 1131. 1135

971

987

988

989

991

994,

995

, 997

', 10

32. 1

010,

1028,

Creole Bay

1022, 10

27, 1

323.

1043,

1034,

904. 905

1024, 10

20, 1

321.

1025,

1049,

1055. 10

56, 1

357.

1058,

1060,

Croatia

1061. 10

91, 1

387,

1080.

1081,

657

1088. 10

89, 1

394,

1098.

1101,

1103, 11

06, 1

120,

1115.

1122,

Cu

112

B, 111

7, 11

12, 1

123

1, 2, 5. 45, 9, 14, 15, 48, 23, 49,
24, 39, 51, 26, 27. 41. 46. 47,
50, 52, 54, 55, 60, 72, 71, 63,
83, 85, 97, 101, 102, 103, 104,
105, 118, 113, 122, 106, 124,
116, 128, 139, 140, 142. 145.

Cultivation

92. 220. 272, 633, 1096, 1105

Dalhousie

189, 914

116

Dampier Archipelago

1000, 996. 1091

Dartmouth

1081

Darwin Harbor

787

DDT and metabolites

45. 13, 51, 50, 58, 62. 70, 94,
71, 131, 120. 136, 110, 152,
168, 172, 180, 224, 246, 253,
294, 295, 305, 309, 345. 318,
320, 319, 336, 390, 375, 380,
395, 399, 404, 405, 445, 442,
443. 496, 479, 482, 489. 519,
524, 564, 585. 609. 636, 637,
638, 642. 639, 634. 655. 691,
687. 682, 701, 713. 714. 717.
718. 745. 731. 727. 730. 735,
753, 754, 755, 763, 765, 796,
809, 819, 824, 837, 850, 855,
858, 884, 872, 881, 890. 877.
888, 920, 919, 936, 962. 984.
987. 1007, 1009, 1031. 1032,
1026. 1033, 1034, 1043. 1073.
1090. 1134. 1122, 1120, 1118,
1124. 1125

Delaware

203

Denmark

162. 378, 379, 443, 495. 493.
522. 616. 617. 812. 868. 871.
1136

Derwent Est.

186. 285, 1024, 1022

Devon

85. 774

Dieldrin

919

Dioxins

906. 1007

District of Columbia

1103

Domoic acid

673

Dornoch Firth
222

Dorset

102. 103

Durban

948

East Coast

198

Ebro Delta

879

Egypt

4

Elbe Est.

97

Embayment Head

413

Ems Est.

97. 226. 615

England

83. 85. 104. 105, 122, 132, 336,

446, 526, 556, 557. 558. 597.

600, 692, 691, 713. 709, 714,

715. 716. 717. 718. 739, 786,
837. 872. 1101, 1102

English Channel
229

Escambia Bay

254

Essex

1076

Euhlan Bay

310

Euphrates Est.
245

Europe

442

117

Exposure studies

56. 74, 224, 585. 608

634. 686, 687, 737, 794, 881,
865, 882, 877, 883, 1018, 1111

Frierfjord

Faeringehavn

5, 54. 142, 607

630

Fuen

Fal Est.

162

122, 105

Galicia

Falcon Isl.

960

525

Galveston Bay

False Bay

146. 263. 335. 719. 858

384

Gdansk Bay

Fiji

994

158

Georgia

Finland

575. 1106

434, 443, 509.

639,

826,

851.

1134

German Bight

97. 930

Firth of Forth

59. 786

Germany

Fisheries products

158, 388, 401, 444, 497, 467,
490, 535, 797, 1021, 1061,
1063

229, 265, 311, 312, 488, 493,
926, 930, 931, 1016, 1017

Ceukensia demissa

524

Fishers Isl.

316

Fiumlcino
232

Flensburg Fjord

1016

Florida

254, 269. 705

Forth Est.

445

Gironde Est.

498, 562

Goa

81, 250, 251

Gove Harbor

789, 788

Grand Bayou

904, 905

Great Ouse Est.

375

Foveaux Strait

341

Great Sippewissett Marsh

1045

France

23, 18, 24, 22, 21, 27, 44, 76,

168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 194,

229, 233. 252. 363, 381, 439,

498, 533, 532, 562, 629, 637,

Greece

385, 386, 480, 919, 920, 1051,
1063, 1064

118

Greenland

43, 90

Gryphaea angulata

71, 629, 837

Guanabara Bay

798

Gulf of California

394, 397

Gulf of La Spezia

140

Gulf of Mexico

123. 198. 679, 840, 841, 901,
902, 935, 936, 1068, 1073,
1074, 1069, 1070, 1066, 1072,
1067, 1071

Gulf of Naples

177

Gulf of Oman

128

Gulf of St. Lawrence

100, 190, 192, 193, 822

Gulf of St. Vincent

624

Gulf of Thailand

458, 459, 460, 461, 463, 816

Gulf of Trieste

298, 299, 296, 297, 300, 301,
302, 304, 628, 626

Hackberry Bay

904, 905

Halifax Inlet

1081

Halogenated hydrocarbons

728

Hansan-Koje Bay

469

Hawaii

387, 428, 429, 430, 1009

Helford

Est.

104,

105,

1023

Helgolander

Dune

931

Hg

30, 45, 39, 44

50,

56, 58, 71,

77, 72, 69, 83,

85, 97, IOC

. 107,

128,

140,

168

169

170

172,

188,

193,

221

222

201

223,

203,

213.

205

229

262

279,

298,

276,

300

301

306

307,

340.

310,

317

328

331

352,

391,

365,

375

366

368

396,

412,

448,

443

444

494

465,

466,

467,

490

491

489

493.

506,

513,

542

520

535

522,

536,

536

530

538

540

555,

558,

612

571

616

620

628,

626,

645

652

655

656

662,

663,

677

691

684

685

712,

692,

713

688

682

703

714,

743,

718

731

722

723

742,

730,

753

755

758

759

768,

777,

784

790

791

841

809.

826,

816

837

853

856

861,

895,

896

863

897

881

870.

871,

884

894

902

950

955,

979,

97C

). 97

8, 1001,

1035,

1029

, 10

18. 1

036,

1032,

1033,

1034

. 10

73. 1

061,

1079,

1094,

1114, 1116, 1112, 1135

Hinckley

106

Point

Hiroshima Bay
421, 422, 437

Holland

639

Hong Kong

41, 167, 155, 156, 157, 510,
807, 809, 811, 813, 820, 815.
1008, 1113

Hardangerfjord

499, 970

Housatonic Est.
382

119

Howden

271

Huelva
282

Hydrocarbons

16. 29, 45. 50. 54, 84. 87, 71.

135. 111. 126. 127, 128, 129,

142, 173, 174, 234, 235, 294,

259, 263, 264, 265, 291, 293,

323, 324, 327, 335, 347. 349,

363, 364, 379, 381, 410, 459,

462. 541. 577. 569. 575. 607.

623. 629. 630. 635. 686. 687.

695. 696. 733. 725. 726. 737.

727. 736. 794. 769. 799. 879.

938. 960. 967. 985. 1097, 1108,
1107, 1111, 1132

Iceland

759

Ijmuiden
92

Imweon

578

India

56, 81, 250, 251, 545, 855. 918.
1055

Indonesia

466. 467

Ionian Sea

150

Iraq

245

Ireland

72. 201. 690. 934

Irish Sea

201. 202. 236. 934

Isle of Man

202. 236. 961

Isognomon alatus

139

Isognomon isognomon
116

Israel
184

istria

658. 659. 660. 735. 1035

Italy

63. 99. 140, 150, 148, 149, 177,

181, 232, 297, 298, 296, 299,

300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 323,

326, 327, 325, 365, 366, 479,

540, 628. 626. 637. 639. 725.

785. 940. 964

Ivittuut
43

Izmit Bay
854

Jade Est.

97

Jakarta

467

Jakarta Bay

466

James Est.

249

Japan

342. 420, 421, 422, 437. 423.

484. 485. 477. 470. 471. 473.

474, 535, 1007, 1036. 1116

Java

94

Java Sea
94

Jinhae Bay

578

Jyltand

97

120

Kalundborg

495

Karachi

10, 259

Kastela Bay

968, 1035

Kattegat

378, 379

Keelung Harbor
491

Kenepuru Sound

741

Kent

1093. 1094

Kiel Bight

264, 265, 312, 311, 488, 1016

Kieler Forde

311, 312, 488, 1016

Knol<l<e

233

Knysna Est.

1088

Korea

538, 578. 777, 1112

Krita Est.

688

Kuwait

29, 245

Kvarner-Rijeica

768

Laees0

616

Lahillon
21

Lake Pontchartrain

134

Langesundfjord

5, 54. 142. 527, 607, 706

Lebanon
941, 942

Lengebaan Lagoon

329

Ligurian Sea

181

Lim Fjorden

378. 522. 616. 617. 871. 868

Limfjord

659, 1035

Liverpool Bay

786, 872

Loch Moidart

782

Loch Torridon

520

Loire Est.
23

Long Island Sound

40, 39, 306, 307, 320. 319, 383,
884. 1034, 1127, 1129

Los Angeles

877

Losinj

735

Louisiana

134, 310, 349, 400, 404. 405,
853. 904, 905

Lynher Est.
83, 709

Ly0 Island
162

Maarmorilik
43

Maine

121

131, 246. 774

Malaysia

952, 953

Malleus meridianus

1084

Manhattan

1103

Manukau Harbor

45, 49, 47, 46, 48, 51, 50, 842,
900. 1104

MaranhSo

506

Maryland

1, 2, 240. 267, 268, 310. 1080,
1103

Massachusetts

84, 107, 141, 289, 290, 291,
418. 663, 745, 845, 966, 1045

Mazatl^n

651

Mazatl^n Harbor

770, 764

Mediterranean Sea

28. 44. 61. 213, 332, 347. 359.
479. 627. 636. 637. 638. 831.
863. 865. 1039

Medway Est.

1093. 1094

Melanesia

517

Menai St.

103. 105

Mermaid Sound

508

Mersey Est.
558

Mesocosm

5, 54, 142, 145, 312, 527, 576,
607, 706, 875, 1092

Messina
479

Metals
10. 1
125.
267.
329,
372.
417.
500.
499,
550,
551,
627,
752,
813,
926.
976,
1051.
1063.
1113

2. 25

137,

268,

353,

386,

455,

483,

503,

553.

554.

666.

771,

815,

952,

972,
1086
1064

, 88, 81
149, 184

295,
361,
400,
456,
501,
509,
552,
615,
702,
766,
832,
953,

296
388
407
459
476
512
523
617
689
772
840
973

1042, 1
1085,
1104,

. 134,
, 299.
, 297.
. 370,
. 414,
. 460,
. 502,
. 515.
. 541.
. 618.
. 707.
. 799.
. 854.
. 968.
039.
1089.
1105,

115,
272,
302,
385,
416.
463,
477.
517,
549,
619,
734,
806.
864.
974.

1050.

1062.

1120.

Mexico

136. 345, 318. 396, 390, 397,

367, 394, 395, 393, 399, 398,

644, 654, 651, 764, 770. 772,

861. 901. 902. 984

Minamata Bay
1036. 1116

Mispillion Est.

203

Mississippi

416. 415. 417, 618, 619, 620,
1080

Miyazaki Reef

470

Mobile Bay

147, 537

Modiolus articulatus

525

Modiolus barbatus

964

122

Modiolus capax

394, 397

Modiolus demissus

71, 130, 107, 442, 575. 1045

Modiolus demissus plicatulus
246

Modiolus modiolus

30, 82, 71. 130. 212, 246, 236,
336, 361. 518. 713, 714, 717.
775, 837, 860, 934. 1060

Modiolus neozelanicus

742

Monaco

343. 330

Monterey Bay

655

Moreton Bay

175

Moreton's Harbor
792

Morgat
233

Muggia Bay
301

Mumbles

610

Muros
279

Mussel Watch

65. 66. 168. 172. 221
346, 347, 370. 371.
403, 424, 425. 456.
653. 648, 634, 649,
679. 716, 729. 732.
753, 731, 727. 728.
818. 821. 841. 879,
936, 935, 972. 973,
1037, 1043, 1034, 1
1074, 1069, 1070, 1
1067, 1071, 1095

Mussels

6, 16, 37, 38, 44, 94, 67, 88, 99,

129, 107, 109, 158, 160, 159,

166, 169, 171, 188, 194, 199,

223, 245. 228. 230, 272, 288,

303, 308, 326, 325, 328. 359,

372, 364, 378, 380. 381. 434.

427. 444. 467, 476, 494, 498.

516. 544, 534, 528, 551, 579.

598. 635. 630. 646. 665, 670,

672, 673, 678, 686, 743, 721,

733, 734, 727, 728, 746, 776,

794, 773, 785, 820, 845, 849.

851. 881. 882. 865. 877, 943,

927. 950. 925. 926. 948. 960.

985. 1037. 1029, 1031, 1044,
1041. 1108. 1107, 1119

Mytella falcata
506

Mytella strigata

644

Mytilus afer

77

Mytilus californianus

15, 71, 119, 130, 173. 234. 235.

248, 295, 258, 262. 294. 317.

334. 347, 396, 390. 380. 370.

393, 399, 398, 482. 564, 565,

603, 652, 654, 643. 648. 649,

650, 655, 653, 667, 730, 724,

731, 753, 754, 755, 766, 767,

819, 878, 910, 924, 955, 956,

973, 984, 974, 969, 975. 972,

993, 1060, 1120, 1121, 1122.
1118, 1124, 1125, 1131

Mytilus coruscus

483, 538, 939, 1007

14, 30, 23, 24,
43, 53, 54, 57,
90, 85, 87, 71.
80, 82, 89. 95,
104, 126, 120,
124, 125. 127.
141. 142. 144.
168, 161, 162,
177, 187, 191,
193, 235, 195,

. 292,

, 288.

372,

369,

Mytilus edulis

459,

564.

5, 8, 9, 12, 13,

650,

654,

26, 27, 39, 40,

734,

730,

58, 92, 72, 70,

754,

755.

96, 97, 77, 78,

878,

884,

100, 102, 103,

974,

969,

112, 111, 118,

039,

1073.

130, 132, 138,

066,

1072,

178, 173, 184,
163, 172, 174,
190, 189, 192,

123

200

202

216

226

241

295

287

306

324

347

376

379

452

440

502

504

515

526

541

558

577

590

571

596

604

623

631

656

669

685

681

700

716

725

754

769

803

844

825

850

869

867

887

898

946

938

962

982

976

978

998

1013.

1018,

1046,

, 201

. 234

, 229

. 222,

, 212

, 244

. 214

, 215.

, 225

, 221

, 207

. 210.

, 227

, 231

, 232

. 233.

, 248

. 293

, 255

. 256,

. 258

294

, 279

, 264,

, 275

285

, 286

290,

, 320

336

, 313

343.

, 345

318

, 311

319,

, 352

358

, 355

360,

. 392

373

, 374

375,

, 383

385

, 401

410,

, 433

453

. 435

446,

, 442

443

462

495,

, 468

469

481

488,

, 493

499

509

512,

, 518

520

531

552,

, 522

527

529

530,

. 548

549

555

556,

. 563

564

565

566,

, 587

588

589

606,

, 578

591

592

593,

, 607

594

595

615.

, 597

599

600

601.

, 605

611

614

616.

, 626

643

629

645,

, 632

639

634

648,

. 653

664

666

667,

. 671

709

706

699,

, 692

712

680

713.

, 687

697

691

689.

, 702

708

710

714,

, 717

718

730

749.

. 731

739

742

745,

, 755

759

774

777,

, 786

790

791

793,

, 804

805

806

808,

, 828

826

822

846,

, 835

832

834

838.

, 856

891

859

879,

, 896

893

894

872,

, 868,

870

871

885,

, 888,

884

892

895,

. 912,

914

949,

931,

. 951,

932.

921,

922,

. 940,

944,

954,

957,

. 963,

965,

966.

981,

, 999,

983.

969.

970.

. 988,

980.

987.

977.

, 979,

989

994,

995.

. 100

2, 10

04, 1

007,

1016, 1028, 1027,
1019, 1033, 1032,
1049, 1050, 1052,

237,
246,
211.
239.
257,
265,
291,
344,
312,
391,
370,
413.
419,
496,
503,
513,
550,
538,
557,
568,
569,
613,
581,
602,
617.
652,
649,
668,
684,
707,
698,
715,
752,
753,
792,
799,
812,
833,
839,
878,
890,
886,
897,
930,
934,
961,
972,
975,
971.
997.

1012.

1017.

1042,

1053,

1054, 1060, 1061, 1073, 1074,

1070, 1092, 1072, 1081. 1094,

1097, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1102.

1121, 1120, 1131. 1111, 1117.

1136, 1112, 1123, 1132, 1133.
1134

Mytilus edulis aoteanus

113, 212

Mytilus edulis chilensis

752. 917

Mytilus edulis planulatus

42. 179. 186. 271, 270, 880.
1079

Mytilus galloprovincialis

28. 17. 60, 63, 71, 77, 108, 124,
109, 140, 150, 148, 149. 168,
172, 213, 209, 253. 296. 297,
299, 300, 301, 302. 304, 333,
323, 327, 330, 331. 332. 363.
365, 366, 386, 447, 451, 479,
480, 514, 546, 547, 519, 538,
540. 586. 612, 625, 627, 628,
636, 637, 657, 658, 638. 634,
660, 683, 693. 687, 694, 688.
695, 696, 722, 723, 726, 735.
768, 780. 784, 831, 823, 824.
854, 863. 883, 913, 920, 919.
968, 977, 990, 1035, 1043,
1040, 1018, 1039. 1051. 1063,
1064

Mytilus magellanicus

711

Mytilus minimus
4

Mytilus obscurus
176. 1060

Mytilus platensis

362

Mytilus smaradignus

455

Mytilus striagata

770

124

Mytilus trossulus
539

Mytilus vlridis

81, 250, 466, 918, 953

Nantucket Sound
141, 966

Naples

940

Narbonne

171

Narragansett Bay

844

Netherlands

92, 226, 228, 260, 401, 431,
453, 443, 532, 529, 615, 781,
850, 1012, 1031. 1061, 1134

New Bedford Harbor

289, 418, 845

New Brunswick

163, 468, 914, 962, 1042, 1132

New Jersey
524

New London

40

New South Wales

64, 465

New York

306, 307, 320, 319, 494, 884,
1034, 1103

New York Bight

531. 530

New Zealand

45, 49, 47, 51, 46, 48, 50, 52,
114, 113, 212, 341, 389, 515,
521, 523, 674, 742, 740, 741,
747, 842, 900, 1010, 1104,
1105

Newfoundland

593, 595, 792

Newport Est.

1109. 1110

Ni

15, 49, 39, 46, 52, 60, 71, 63,
72. 78. 85, 102, 103, 104, 105.
128. 113. 106, 124, 140, 148.
163, 189. 220. 298. 300, 301.
303. 306, 307, 309. 333, 332,
347, 352, 375, 362, 373. 412,
437. 448, 458, 490, 491, 489,
513. 525. 534. 555, 538, 539.
563. 565. 620, 628, 656, 712,
731, 730, 755, 758, 760. 764,
770, 788, 787, 789, 841, 843,
816. 888. 884, 941. 914, 920.
934, 940. 942. 964. 979. 1001,
994, 995, 996, 997, 1010, 1043,
1034, 1060, 1061, 1087, 1088,
1089, 1122, 1117. 1123

Nigeria
763

Nissum Broad
522, 616, 871

Nivelle

169, 170

Nobeoka Bay

471

Norfolk
135

North Carolina

98. 1109. 1110

North Island

50. 842, 900

North Riv. Est.

1109, 1110

North Sea

97, 229, 230, 512, 513, 860,
926, 976, 1012, 1031, 1097

North Wales

105

125

Northern Ireland

89, 352, 631

Northern Territory

789, 788

Northland

521

Northumberland

446, 890

Norway

5, 53, 54, 82, 142, 443, 501,
500, 503, 502, 504, 499, 505,
527, 528, 555, 548, 613, 614,
607. 639. 970, 1134

Nova Scotia

518, 664

Noya

279

NS&T

88, 335, 564, 565, 679, 730,
731, 753, 754, 755, 840, 841,
884, 935, 936. 969, 1037. 1032.
1033, 1034. 1073. 1068, 1069,
1074, 1070, 1072, 1066, 1067,
1071

Nuevo Gulf
362

Oahu

1009

Ocean Springs

416, 415

Ol^ron Isl.
21

Oman
128

Onrust

466

Onsan

777

Oosterschelde

453

Opera Inlet

521

Oregon

317. 563, 697, 699, 700

Oresund

812

Organics

88, 125, 241, 272, 360, 552,
551, 649, 650, 878, 898, 993,
1039, 1074

Organochlorines

89, 200. 199, 433, 434, 745.
795. 809, 813, 814, 919, 1012

Organoleads

321

Organomercuries

244, 204, 331, 536. 723, 790.
791. 1019

Organosulfurs

724

Organotins

18. 19. 20, 22, 21, 59, 64, 67,
91, 122, 153. 154, 162, 185,
242, 243, 239, 217, 208, 218,
219, 238. 261, 321, 314, 315,
354, 387, 402. 408. 409, 429,
428. 430, 438. 439. 457, 492,
507, 511. 543, 521, 531, 560,
566, 567, 568, 570, 574, 573,
581, 675, 676, 690, 691, 692,
757, 773, 774, 782. 783. 827.
825. 849. 866, 883, 889, 911,
912, 923. 946, 965, 980, 975,
1013. 1014. 1015, 1030, 1038,
1037. 1047. 1046. 1075. 1069,
1076, 1073, 1070, 1072. 1077.
1071. 1078. 1098, 1136

Ostrea angasi

186, 285, 857, 1002, 1024.
1025

126

Ostrea

angulata

449, 436, 454,

455,

418,

441,

160

444, 457, 485,
494, 497, 498,

476,
507,

472,
535,

473,
523,

Ostrea

circumpicta

559. 583, 584,

585,

573,

576,

471

609. 618, 619,
670, 672, 678,

635,
728,

642,
750,

651,
733,

Ostrea

edulis

724, 734, 727,

738,

747,

757,

76.

71, 83, 103

;, 105

. 122,

136,

794, 762, 797.

801,

827,

820,

183,

154, 180,

182,

212,

213,

847. 848, 858,

881,

882,

866,

252,

283, 339,

357,

432,

501,

903, 905, 909,

928,

929,

950,

502,

486, 500,

505,

533,

532,

933, 943, 985,

991,

992,

1037,

613,

571, 580,

610,

629,

634,

1009, 1011. 1036, 1026,

1055,

660,

687, 704,

713,

714,

718,

1059, 1090, 1065, 1089,

1103,

720,

723, 740,

761,

768,

781,

1104, 1116

786,

837, 838,

879,

873,

874,

875,

876, 867,

945,

965,

978,

Pacific Coast

1013

1, 1015, 1060, 1076,

1077,

88

1088

;, 1114

Pakistan

Ostrea

equestris

10, 259

294

Palos Verdes

Ostrea

gigas

1 121

420,

421, 422,

423,

474,

471.

714

Parana
36

Ostrea

tieffordi

521

Pascagoula

417

Ostrea

lurid a

130,

701, 720,

744, 937, 1060

Passaic Est.

906

Ostrea

lutaria

341,

742, 740

Patagonia
362

Ostrea

pliculata

458,

460

Patti

479

Ostrea

sandvicensis

750.

731, 753,

754, 755

Patuxent Est.

2, 915

Ostrea sinuata

71, 113, 114, 212

Ostrea spinosa

471

Oysters

11, 36, 19, 22, 86, 69, 78, 101,

131, 133, 146, 147, 164, 160,

169, 194, 197, 198, 242, 208,

261, 272, 288, 294, 342, 314,

315, 348, 387, 389, 356, 388,

367, 404, 405, 408, 411, 429,

Pb

4, 5, 15, 23, 24
43, 50, 52, 54,
63, 83, 85, 97,
105, 113, 106,
124, 139, 140,
165, 159, 168,
163, 172, 186,
221, 223, 298,
303, 304, 307,
332, 347, 352,
382, 373, 365,

, 45, 26, 27, 41,
55, 60, 72, 71,
102, 103, 104.
114, 128, 116,
142, 166, 167,
155, 156, 157,
191, 195, 201,
270, 300, 301,
309, 310, 333,
377, 362, 375,
366, 447, 412.

127

413. 421, 415, 437, 448, 458,
461, 467, 482, 491, 493, 490,
489, 497. 499, 506, 534, 537,
525. 530. 538, 539, 607, 565.
606, 578, 579, 572, 595, 603,
620, 622, 624, 628. 656. 645.
652. 655. 659, 677, 691, 692,
680, 713, 682, 714, 718, 731,
742, 753, 730, 739, 741. 755,
787. 758. 759. 760, 768, 788,
764, 770, 789, 803, 804. 841.
806. 826. 812, 816, 817. 833,
835. 834, 837. 838, 843, 853,
860, 888, 880. 882. 892. 884.
902, 941, 914, 930, 949, 931,
920, 916, 940, 942, 934, 955,
957, 961, 964, 981, 999. 983,
979, 970, 997, 971, 987, 994,
995, 996, 1001. 1002. 1004.
1005, 1006, 1028, 1033, 1045,
1043, 1027, 1020. 1032. 1034,
1060, 1061, 1084, 1087, 1073,
1081. 1089, 1094. 1098. 1101,
1135. 1122. 1117, 1112, 1129

Pearl Harbor

337, 429. 428, 430

Penang Isl.

953

Pennsylvania

1 103

Pensacola Bay

269

Perna canaliculus

742, 741, 1010

Perna indica

56

Perna perna

128, 143, 684, 864, 1086

Perna viridis

7, 116, 125, 155, 156, 157, 259,
458, 459, 460, 461, 463. 510.
553. 554. 542, 682, 703, 798,
809, 816, 817, 855, 952, 1006,
1008

Perth

1 4

Peru

71 1

Pesticides

61, 132, 168, 419, 463, 561,
605, 609, 640. 651. 763, 780,
823, 855, 887, 986

Petit Rocher

163

Phenols
45, 561

Philadelphia

1 103

Phuket

1 17

Pin eta da

666

carchariarium

Pinctada fucata martensii

478

Pinctada margaratifera

29, 525

Pinctada vulgans
953

Plymouth
709. 781

Pointe Metis

189

Poland

569. 994

Polychlorinated biphenyl con-
geners

45, 13, 28, 38, 39. 40, 51, 50,
54, 58, 62, 70, 61, 93, 94, 71,
80, 89. 120. 128. 132, 138, 141,
142. 151, 181. 152, 168, 169,
170, 172, 226, 225, 209, 228,
230, 231, 248, 253, 254, 260,
290, 266, 289, 289, 294, 295,
306, 307, 308, 309, 322, 335,

128

347, 351, 359, 378, 379, 397.
388, 383, 393, 398, 431, 445.
452, 453, 426, 418, 442, 443,
463, 496, 479, 510, 519, 527,
529, 524, 607, 564, 608, 640,
651, 636, 637, 638, 639. 642.
634. 655, 652, 667, 702, 691.
687. 707. 682. 710. 712, 713,
714. 715. 716. 718, 724, 730,
731, 727. 745. 735. 778, 763,
765, 785. 846. 845. 844, 823,
824. 836. 850. 855. 858, 872.
881. 879, 877, 888. 884. 901.
906. 920. 919, 924, 935, 939,
963, 990, 969, 987, 1007, 1008,
1011, 1031, 1043, 1032, 1033,
1034. 1052. 1054. 1073. 1093.
1065. 1098. 1134. 1121. 1117,
1120. 1124. 1118. 1119. 1125,
1 133

Polynuclear aromatic hydro-
carbons

8, 32, 31, 33, 34, 16, 37, 51, 92,
68, 82, 99, 129, 120, 112, 168,
177, 172, 192, 255, 256, 257,
258, 269, 287. 289. 291, 326,
325, 347, 411, 458. 460. 495,
487, 480, 508, 518. 548. 561,
564. 590. 576. 641. 664. 669,
706. 708, 709, 695, 698, 699,
700, 719, 748. 749. 750, 731,
727, 730, 753, 755, 776, 769,
775, 829, 828, 844, 830. 822,
846, 851, 884, 881, 865, 873,
874, 875, 876, 951, 924, 945,
959. 966. 1044. 1032, 1033,
1034, 1073, 1068, 1102

Ponteau

363

Port Erin

236

Port Phillip Bay

179, 464, 803, 804, 957, 999,
998, 1004, 1003, 1005, 1079

Port Pirie

1084

Port Valdez

938

Port-Cartier

189

Porto Megarese

150

Porto Novo

545

Portofino

140

Portopalo

479

Portugal

35, 160, 152, 309, 443, 639.
681, 781, 849, 971, 1043, 1056,
1057, 1058, 1059

Potomac Est.
1

Prince Edward Isl.

962

Princess Harbor

997

Pontevedra

279. 1029

Poole Harbor

102. 103, 1023

Porl

826

Priolo

148

Puck Bay

994

Puerto Rico

862

Port de Minimes
21

Puget Sound

173, 623. 710

129

Punta Banda Est.
345, 318

Queensland

175

Rade de Brest

1111

Raritan Bay

963

Ras Beirut

942, 941

Restigouche Est.

468

Restronguet Creek

103. 105. 122, 526. 557

Rhine

228

Rhode Island

844

Rijeka Bay

540, 547. 735

Rio de Janeiro

864

Riviere-la-Madeleine

189

Rome

232

Ronne

378

Rungsted Marina

1 136

S. Eufemia

479

Saccostrea commercialis

64. 923, 1060, 1082, 1083

Saccostrea cucullata

116. 117, 167, 508, 622, 789,
788, 787, 996, 1001, 1091

Saccostrea echinata

788. 787

Saccostrea glomerata

116. 811, 1105

Saccostrea iridescens

771

Saccrostrea glomerata

521

Sado Est.

152, 309. 849, 1056, 1057,
1058

Sagoneseki Inlet
470

Saldanha Bay
329

Sampling

943

San Antonio Bay
796

San Diego Bay

581, 825, 1121, 1119

San Francisco Bay

235, 234, 462. 605. 652. 758,
819, 877. 955

San Jose Gulf

362

S3o Luis Island

506

S3o Paulo
36

Saronikos Gulf

385. 919. 920, 1063, 1064

Saudafjorden
82

Sb

35, 77. 451. 540. 571. 730, 731,
755, 826, 884, 1034, 1048

130

Scandinavia

805

Scheldt

230

Scheldt Est.

226, 431, 615, 1049

Scotland

14, 59, 184, 200, 199, 222, 221,
223. 217, 445, 520, 689, 782,
1028, 1027

Se

4, 41, 77, 330, 368, 386, 451,

540, 613, 595, 618, 656, 652,

674, 712, 684, 685, 702, 731,

730, 755, 758, 797, 790, 791,

841, 884, 929, 927, 981, 1034,
1061, 1080

Seasonality

85, 105, 141, 152, 303, 337,
318, 335, 501, 553, 628, 698,
771. 766, 767, 833, 832

Sediment

60, 63, 88, 120, 134, 125, 171,
255, 290, 375, 415, 518, 521,
522, 556, 604, 616, 664, 671,
679, 682, 710, 753, 754, 755,
785, 798, 811, 844, 820, 840,
849, 884, 866, 898, 905, 906,
913, 914, 953, 916, 924, 935,
957, 963, 995, 1011, 1030,
1032, 1033, 1073, 1069, 1066,
1072, 1067, 1120

Sepetiba Bay

798

Septifer bilocularis

807

Sequim Bay

897

Severn Est.

104

Shark Bay

666

Shatt-al-Arab Delta

245

Shetland
361

Sicily

150, 148

Sinaloa

651

Siracusa

479

Skjerstadfjord
970

Slovenia

487, 540

Sn

35, 49, 22, 46, 52, 128, 185,
194, 219, 218, 513, 560, 645,
676, 731, 730, 755, 884, 927,
1034, 1041, 1117, 1136

Solent

571

Somerset

106

Sorfjorden

503, 499

South Africa

329, 384, 760, 948, 1048, 1089,
1088

South Australia

624, 1084

South Carolina

582, 640, 916

Southeast Asia

272

Southhampton

440

131

Spain

60. 62, 195, 280, 281, 282, 278,
279, 283, 277. 276, 284, 443.
606. 639. 779, 780, 891, 879,
867, 892, 960, 971, 1029

Spencer Gulf

1084

St. Croix

862

St. John

862

St. Lawrence Est.

100, 191, 193, 231

St. Louis Bay

618, 619

Stavelia horrida
666

Strait of IHormuz

128

Strunjan

913

Sucre

143

Sullon Voe

361

Svardsfjarden
87

Swansea

610, 1101

Swartl<ops

1089

Sweden

87, 443. 497. 496. 639. 765.
812. 1134

Sydney Harbor

518. 664

Tacoma

897

Taiwan

406. 407. 455. 448, 454, 456,
490, 491, 489

Tajo Est.

1056, 1057. 1058

Tamaki Est.

52. 521

Tamar Est.

55. 557. 1024. 1101

TaranakI

1010

Taranta
232

Tasman Bay

113, 114

Tasmania

55, 186, 270, 271, 285, 857,
986, 1024, 1020, 1025, 1022

Tay Est.

14. 445

Tejo Est.
35

Texas

131. 146, 263, 305, 335, 719.
736. 796, 858

Thailand

117. 458, 459, 460, 461, 463,
682. 816

Thames Est.
786

Thermaikos Gulf

480

Tianjin Harbor

208

Tigris Est.
245

132

Timballer Bay

310

Tiostrea lutaria

674

Tio Stria lutaria

515

Tl

148. 731. 730

Tolo Harbor

167. 155. 1113

Tomales Bay

605. 652

Torridge Est.
557

Trieste

298, 296. 299. 297, 300. 301.
302, 964

Trinity Bay

593, 736

Trondheimsfjorden

555

Truro

583

Turlcey

854

Tutul(al(a Harbor
521

Tyne Est.

600, 601, 602

Tyrrhenian Sea
63

UK

85. 59. 89. 83. 102. 103. 104.

105. 122, 106, 132, 160, 184,

200, 211, 222, 202, 212, 206,

217, 210, 236, 261, 336, 352,

357. 361. 375. 445. 446. 440,

443. 481. 520, 526, 556, 557,

558, 571, 597, 600, 601, 602,

610. 631, 639. 691. 692. 713.
709, 689. 714. 715. 716, 717,
718, 739, 761, 774, 781, 786,
837, 838, 860, 872, 890, 940,
1013. 1027. 1023. 1075. 1093.
1076, 1077. 1094. 1101. 1102

Urashiro Bay

473. 474

Urinj Harbor

547

US

1, 2

, 3, 15, 40

. 39.

70. 68. 88,

69. 84. 98. 130, 134

i. 119

. 135,

123, 107. 131

141

146

147,

184

185, 165

235

197

198,

212

203, 234

240

246

247,

248

249, 254

257

258

262,

263

294, 266

267

268

295,

269

287. 288

290

291

337,

305

306, 307

316

317

320,

310

338, 319

335

348

349,

351

353, 377

371

372

388.

373

380, 382

383

387

400.

402

404, 405

428

414

429.

416

415. 424

425

417

418.

430

442. 443

450

462

482.

494

552, 532

531

524

530,

537

551, 605

563

564

565,

581

575, 582

603

618

619.

620

623, 643

642

654

640.

649

647, 648

650

655

652.

653

667, 670

678

710

679,

697

699, 700

701

705

719.

720

731, 727

730

736

744.

745

753, 754

755

758

796.

774

800, 801

802

840

825.

819

844, 829

821

830

845.

841

843, 853

856

858

862.

897

878. 876

877

884

899.

904

905, 943

906

907

909.

950

946, 915

916

935

955.

961

963, 966

972

973

969.

974

, 1009, 1C

32. 1

038,

1033.

1034. 1037. 1

045.

1069,

1074.

1073. 1070. 1

066.

1072,

1067,

1071. 1080. 1

103.

1106,

1125,

1121. 1115. 1

109,

1110,

1123.

1122, 1120, 1

117,

1118,

1119.

112

4, 1127. 11

35

133

USSR

124

Valencia

780

Van Diemen Gulf

788

Vancouver

671

Vellar Est.

545

Virginia

68, 69, 135, 131, 249, 1080

Washington

131. 173, 317,
856, 897, 1103

Weser Est.

931

623. 710, 720.

Western
666,
1091

Australia

996. 997.

1000. 1002,

Western Port Bay

7. 127, 413. 804, 999, 998

Westerschelde

Velsao

453

250

White Sea

Venezuela

124

143

Whitsand Bay

Venice

781, 1102

540. 785

Willapa Bay

Venice Lagoon

720

323. 326. 327. 325, 725

Wyre Est.

Victoria

558

7, 126, 127, 179, 413. 464, 803.

804, 957, 999, 998, 1004, 1003,

Yaquina Bay

1005, 1079

563, 699. 700

Vigo

Yeosu

195, 279, 606, 891, 892

578

Virgin Islands

Yugoslavia

862

547. 540. 65:

968

Zadar

735

Wadden Sea

615, 1012

Zn

5, 7, 15, 48, 43

, 23, 49, 24, 51,

Waiheke Island

26, 46, 27, 39,

41, 45, 47, 50,

741

52, 54, 86, 55,

56, 72, 63, 71,

77. 79. 83. 85

, 97, 102, 103.

Waitemaka Harbor

104, 105, 118.

122, 113, 106,

521

124. 114, 116,

128. 140. 142.

145. 178. 167,

157. 158, 183.

Wales

184, 155, 156,

163, 182, 186,

103, 105, 211,

481. 556, 558,

189, 194, 221,

201. 223. 226.

715. 716, 1023.

1101

247, 249, 250,

270. 271, 278,

283, 284, 285.

300, 301, 303,

134

338

306,

307,

309,

316,

310,

337

333.

332,

347,

348.

350,

352

389.

357,

358,

356,

362,

377

373,

375,

382,

394.

412,

413

420,

421,

435,

422,

415,

436

423,

437,

448,

449,

450,

461

497,

467,

481,

474.

475,

478

491,

472,

473,

490.

489,

493

504,

505,

506,

513.

542,

514

534,

526,

537,

525.

538,

539

540,

555,

561,

563.

607,

565

599,

592,

591,

593.

578,

600

579,

572,

595,

596.

597,

601

602,

603,

612,

620,

622,

656

624,

628,

654,

631,

645,

655

652,

658,

659,

660,

670,

672

673,

674,

677,

691,

712,

692

680.

682.

704,

713,

714,

716

720,

742.

731,

730,

739,

741

753,

755.

787,

758,

759,

793

760.

779.

789.

764,

770,

784

788,

798.

801.

802,

803,

804

805.

807.

808.

809,

811,

838

826.

812.

820.

816,

817,

833

835.

834.

837.

841,

843,

853

884.

857,

859.

895,

880,

896

897.

888,

882.

893,

908,

914

949.

920,

916,

918,

944,

934

940.

941,

955,

957,

996,

964

981.

979,

994,

1001,

1000,

970

997.

971,

992,

995,

1002,

101

D, 1028, 1022, 1023,

1027,

104

3, 1024, 1020, 1025.

1021,

103

3. 1034, 1045. 1048,

1088,

106

D. 1087. 1061, 1091,

1089,

108

D, 1081, 1084, 1094,

1098,

110

1, 1106, 1115, 1109,

1110,

112

2, 1117, 1123

135

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